Abstinence-Only vs. Comprehensive Sex Education Essay

Since the HIV/AIDS epidemic began in the U.S. in the early 1980s the issue of sex education for American youth has had the attention of the nation. There are about 400,000 teen births every year in the U.S, with about 9 billion in associated public costs. STI contraction in general, as well as teen pregnancy, have put the subject even more so on the forefront of the nation’s leading issues. The approach and method for proper and effective sex education has been hotly debated. Some believe that teaching abstinence-only until marriage is the best method while others believe that a more comprehensive approach, which includes abstinence promotion as well as contraceptive information, is necessary. Abstinence-only program curriculums disregard†¦show more content†¦Other supporters think that sex education should not deviate from other teachings of other health curricula such as drunk driving, tobacco use, drug use, alcohol consumption, gun use, fighting; all things which a re taught to just not do (Collins, Alagira, and Summers 12-13). They believe that it is the responsibility of a public institution which serves kids to teach them risk avoidance rather than harm reduction (â€Å"WebMD: Better Information. Better Health†). Many advocates for abstinence-only education believe that its message is strongly intertwined with traditional values and religious faith; both of which they claim to have measurable influence in preventing teens from having sex (Collins, Alagira, and Summers 12-13). Christian conservative women believe that comprehensive sex education would encourage sexual activity and lesbianism, as well as undercut marriage and create social decay (Fields 24). Proponents for abstinence-only education believe that the abstinence-only message has contributed to the decline of adolescent sexual activity as well as negative related outcomes. In the 1990s there was a decrease in adolescent pregnancy, birth and abortion rates. These proponents attribute these declining statistics to the abstinence-only message and claim that the declines cannot be accredited to increasedShow MoreRelatedAbstinence-Only vs. Comprehensive-Based Sex Education1301 Words   |  5 PagesAbstinence-Only vs. Comprehensive-Based Sex Education Sexual Education is a controversial topic and many people have pushed for abstinence-only programs. The United States has alarmingly high rates of teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevalence when compared to other advanced countries. Even though there may be minimal differences in the amount of sexual activity in other countries, the U.S. still prevails in high rates of teenage pregnancy, births and abortions (KohlerRead MoreEssay on Abstinence vs. Comprehensive Sex Education1339 Words   |  6 Pagesfunding was put to use in â€Å". . . sex education programs that promote abstinence-only-until-marriage to the exclusion of all other approaches . . .† according to the article â€Å"Sex education† (2010) published by â€Å"Opposing Viewpoints in Context;† a website that specializes in covering social issues. Since then a muddy controversy has arisen over whether that is the best approach. On one hand is the traditional approach of abstinence (not having sex before marriage), and on the other is the ideaRead MoreThe Effects Of Abstinence Based Programs On Actual Behavior Outcomes Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesAdditional research has explored the effects of abstinence based programs on actual behavior outcomes. Kohler, Manhart, and Lafferty (2008) compared the effects of abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education programs, operationalizing effectiveness in terms of initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy rates. They found that teenagers who received comprehensive sex education rather than abstinence-only or no education were significantly less likely to report a teenage pregnancy. In additionRead MoreSex Education : Which Is Better? Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pages Abstinence or Comprehensive Sex Education: Which is better? Sex is in the air, everywhere. It is seen when the television is turned on in the morning, it is used to sell hamburgers and cereal, and is the cornerstone by which we gauge our success. Sex is everywhere and the youth of today need to be equipped to handle it safely. There are two primary paths that can be taken when referring to sexual education: Abstinence or a more comprehensive education. Abstinence educationRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Education On Public Schools1702 Words   |  7 PagesI. Abstract Sexual education being enforced in public schools is important and it should be taught in all schools. Young adults are learning that it is important to wait until marriage to have sex. Sexual education taught in public schools does raise a couple of eyebrows because some parents think that young adults should not learn about sex at their age. Sexual education is very important for young adults to either use abstinence or condoms. Sexual education in schools are the proper classes forRead MoreEssay on Should Sex Education be Taken Out of Schools?969 Words   |  4 Pagesincreasingly active sex lives. No longer is sex education left to teachers and parents to explain, it is constantly in our faces at the forefront of our society. Regardless of sex education curriculums and debates about possible changes, children and teenagers are still learning everything they think there is to know about sex from very early on in their young lives. However, without responsible adults instructing th em on the facts about sex, there are more likely to treat sex in a cavalier and offhandedRead MoreSafe Sex Vs. No Sex1504 Words   |  7 PagesSafe Sex vs. No Sex. What’s Realistic? A Case for Comprehensive Sex Education Teenagers have been having sex since the beginning of time. Instead of telling them â€Å"just don’t† shouldn’t we educate our teens so that they can be safe? The problem with traditional Abstince- Only-Until-Marriage is that instead of educating they use fear tactics to unsuccessfully keep children ignorant. This causes children to turn to other outlets like porn and other children their age, it’s like a bad game of telephoneRead MoreAbstinence And Comprehensive Sex Education999 Words   |  4 PagesI lean towards the abstinence side of the argument between abstinence and comprehensive sex education because of my religious beliefs. Although I feel abstinence should be the focus of sex education, I think it is important to teach young people a balance to protect themselves. While researching this topic, it seems that many of the articles have the same idea to teach abstinence along with safe sex which would be comprehensive sex ed. With the rising sexu al transmitted diseases and pregnanciesRead MoreThe Debate For Comprehensive Sex Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesDebate for Comprehensive Sex Education Across the United States of America there is wide spread support for abstinence-only education. A majority of states require that abstinence-only education be the only form of sexual health education provided, or requires that abstinence be stressed above other forms of sexual education. These highly stressed abstinence-only programs are under fire as research comes out against the efficiency of these programs, and as new forms of sexual health education appearRead MoreHow Far Should Schools Teach Sex Education978 Words   |  4 PagesHow Far Should Schools Teach Sex Education The condoms display in the Hidden Heroes: the Genius of Everyday Things exhibit is a showcase that would cause an individual to wonder about adolescents’ overall knowledge of human sexuality. In today’s society, children are susceptible to learning about such a delicate topic not only from their families and peers, but through the media as well. These sources often provide misrepresentations of the information due to ignorance and biased views. Therefore

Literature Review - Reading - 1659 Words

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Introduction In this chapter various related literature and research pertaining to this research will be presented. It addresses the views and effect of using extensive reading method to improve comprehension and motivates reading. 2. Related Literature Up until now there is still no definite definition for ‘reading’ as Criscuolo (1973) says â€Å"There is no exact definition for reading’. Another view, Alderson and Urguhart (1984) in Fauziah Hassan HBET3203 (2004:3), â€Å"If the ability (to read) involves so many aspects of language, cognition, life and learning, then no one academic discipline can claim to have the correct view of what is crucial in reading: linguistics certainly not, probably†¦show more content†¦Most importantly they choose something that they like. Brown H.D. (2001:301) writes â€Å"†¦the extent to which learners will learn to read better in a laissez-faire atmosphere of enriched surroundings or in an instructed sequence of direct attention to the strategies of efficient reading†. Cited in â€Å"The Language Learning Benefits of Extensive Reading† – file://F:\ERTheLanguageTeacher Online21_5...11.11.2006 writes ‘Green and Oxford (1995) in a study of the effect of learning strategies on language proficiency found that reading for pleasure was most strongly related to proficiency†. As extensive reading method has this characteristic of learning the language in unthreatening atmosphere and with no formal text, it is hope, will foster reading comprehension and good reading habit. Krashen (1993) The Power of Reading and Day and Bamford (1998) cited in Brown (2001:365) both made the case that extensive reading ( or free voluntary reading (FVR) as Krashen called it ) is a key to students gains in reading ability, linguistic competence, vocabulary, spelling, and writing. It is important to develop students’ word recognition which will lead to automatic word recognition, and that means less usage of the dictionary. Keep going back or stop to check words in the dictionary will not only slow down the reading rate but may also cause wrong interpretations. Reader may feel discourage to continue or to cultivate good readingShow MoreRelatedImportance And Characteristics Of Literature Reviews1615 Words   |  7 PagesImportance and Characteristics of Literature Reviews A literature review examines existing research that is important to the work that you want to do. Literature reviews provide important background information and details about a specific research topic. Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on aRead MoreSample Research Paper1642 Words   |  7 Pagesthat exist in the knowledge about this behavior. It might also explain why the specific knowledge gap chosen is of particular importance. Objectives. This section should describe what the investigator hopes to accomplish with the research. After reading this section, the reader should be clear about the questions to be asked, the kinds of answers expected, and the nature of the information to be provided by the proposed research. For example, one might propose to test a drug abuse treatment approachRead MoreLiterature Review On Childhood Trauma Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pages Literature Review Article Critique Jocelyn Claudio Widener University September 25, 2016 Overview The authors of this literature review evaluated studies completed on adults who were 50 years or older and also experienced trauma as a child. They reviewed the impact childhood trauma has on their mental and physical health as older adults. They collected findings from 23 studies that were published between 1996 through 2011 and concluded that childhood trauma did in fact have negativeRead Moreliterature review1550 Words   |  7 PagesWriting a Literature Review A literature review†¦ †¢ Provides an overview and a critical evaluation of a body of literature relating to a research topic or a research problem. †¢ Analyzes a body of literature in order to classify it by themes or categories, rather than simply discussing individual works one after another. †¢ Presents the research and ideas of the field rather than each individual work or author by itself. A literature review often forms part of a larger researchRead MoreFeatures of a Good Literature Review795 Words   |  4 PagesEssay: The Features of a Good literature Review A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject in a critical and thorough manner. It may be placed at the beginning of a research paper or it may be an entire paper by itself, frequently the first phase of a large research. It enables one to know that they are on the right path on that specific research. There are several features of a Good Literature Review that crafts it into making a comprehensive and effective pieceRead MoreEnglish As Second Language Learning776 Words   |  4 Pagesconstraint of such goal (Folse, 2004). As the bedrock of English and as well as language, vocabulary also facilitates the development of other language skills: lexical richness leads to the progress in the use of language, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing skills (Nation, 1994). Reversely, The improvement in such skills may enhance learners vocabulary size as the exposure to more learning materials improves the capacity to acquire new vocabulary. (The impor tance of learning vocabulary/ whyRead More My Development as a Writer Essays1352 Words   |  6 Pages My English Literature major has helped me to achieve an outstanding level of appreciation, enjoyment, and knowledge of both American and British Literature. As a high school AP English student, I struggled through great works like Hamlet and To the Lighthouse. My teacher’s daily lectures (there was no such thing as class discussion) taught me merely to interpret the works as critics had in the past. I did not enjoy the reading or writing process. As a freshman at Loras, I was enrolled in theRead MoreWhat Impact Can Librarians And Libraries Have On The Decline Of Older Children And Teen Recreational Reading1706 Words   |  7 PagesLITERATURE REVIEW The research question â€Å"what impact can librarians and libraries have on the decline in older children and teen recreational reading† can be broken down to discuss several subtopics. This literature review examines peer-reviewed material to provide a basis for the research questions discussed within this study. The review of the literature is divided into four subtopics that were studied using different theories and approaches in an effort to answer the research question. InRead MoreReading Fluency and Its Effect on Reading Comprehension1295 Words   |  6 PagesReading Fluency and its Effect on Reading Comprehension Topic Selection As an elementary teacher, I have often thought reading fluency plays a large role in a child’s reading development. Few reading programs give fluency the recognition it deserves. Reading fluency has been a prominent and reliable benchmark for me, even when students have comprehension difficulties. Once fluency is assessed, the results were used to place students in their reading ability group. Often times,Read MoreCinderella Stories1524 Words   |  7 PagesTitle — the name of a book, movie, song or other work Fairy Tale — a make believe children’s story about magic, fairies, giants, witches, or talking animals. Procedures 1. Ask and discuss â€Å"What is a Fairly Tale?† 2. Tell students we will be reading several Cinderella stories over the next several days. We will be comparing the characters, where they live, and learning about story elements. Story elements include the setting, plot, conflict, climax and resolution. 3. In pairs have students

Apple Inc Management Information System Project free essay sample

Therefore, in order to apple MIS knowledge and skill into the reality, Apple is supposed to be an appropriate firm to analyze MIS issues. These issues will be represented in following order: 1. Understanding business and information system requirements. 2. Analyzing financial performance. 3. Achieve operational excellence: analyzing competitive strategy. 4. Improving decision making: developing a Website privacy policy. 5. Improving decision marking: Designing the customer database 6. Improving operational excellence: Identifying supply chain management solutions 7. Achieving operational excellence: Developing an E-Commerce strategy 8. Achieving operational excellence: Identifying opportunities for knowledge management. Finally, our report still have numerous mistakes, we expect Professor. Ngoc may contribute, comment and criticism to make our report more perfect. General information: Apple Inc. ,  formerly  Apple Computer, Inc. ,  is an American  multinational corporation headquartered in  Cupertino,  California[2]  that designs, develops, and sells  consumer electronics, computer software and personal computers. Its best-known hardware products are the  Mac  line of computers, the  iPod  music player, the  iPhone  smartphone, and the  iPad  tablet computer. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Inc Management Information System Project or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its software includes the  OS X  and  iOS  operating systems, the  iTunes  media browser, the  Safari  web browser, and the  iLife  and  iWork  creativity and production suites. The company was founded on April 1, 1976, and incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. on January 3, 1977. [6]  The word Computer was removed from its name on January 9, 2007, reflecting its shifted focus towards  consumer electronics  after the introduction of the iPhone. Topic 1: Understanding business and information systems requirement. Preparing management analysis plays an essential role to approach the firm’s current and future plans. * Goal: Identifying goals is one of steps, which create the success of any company. For Apple, their goal is obtaining stellar products and services within tight timeframes, at a cost that represents the best possible value to our customers and shareholders and building a strong relationship with their customers and suppliers. * Culture: Apple was one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that bucked the traditional notions of what a  corporate culture  should look like in organizational hierarchy (flat versus tall, casual versus formal attire, etc. ). Apple is also known for strictly enforcing accountability. Each project has a directly responsible individual, or DRI in Apple jargon. Another Apple feature is attempting to differentiate itself from its competitors. This has resulted in a corporate culture more akin to a startup rather than a multinational corporation. Furthermore, Apple still has a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that reliably draws talented people into its employ. To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program, awarding individuals who made extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to  personal computing  while at the company. * Products: Apple manufactures many kind of information technology such as personal computer, software, hardware, music player, and several other multimedia devices. To be more detail. Apple is famous for Mac, iPop, iPad, iPhone, Apple TV. Apple sells its products all over the world. Its main market share is US, Canada; Japan an England, through its retail stores, online stores, and direct sales force, as well as through third-party cellular network carriers, wholesalers, retailers, and value-added resellers. Product contribution. We can conclude that Apple’s success has built up by each product’s success. As can be seen on this chart, each product had a huge sale, contributing to Apple Sale. * Organizational chart: According to Apples 2010 Form 10-K , they had 49,400 production workers, administered by code managers as following. Standing behind Board of Director, like other companies, Apple has CFO, COO, Legal, Operations, Retails, Product Marketing and Global Communication. Besides, Apple is also structured by specialized departments such as Design, Hardware, iOS Software, Software Engineering. Apple is considered as an organizational hierarchy. To illustrate how Apple works through operating apparatus, from input to output, let’s take a look at the chart below. In this chart, Apple invents or products its products through primary activities as following order: Research and Develop; Production; Marketing and Sales and finally Customer service. These activities are supported by company infrastructure, Materials management, Human resources and especially Information Systems. * The most important information systems and technologies for Apple: Apple’s main objective has always been to be the innovation leader. The same philosophy extends even to the manner in which they manage their internal communication which showcases their superiority. In accordance with this concept they have most of the processes which are virtualization is the factor which will provide the company with a competitive advantage in the market place. Apple Inc uses the intranet to provide the required platform for undertaking this process and this intranet in company enables the employees to access all required information from the comfort of desktop. From an external linkage point of view, Apple Inc also use extranet which enables the company to interact with the key suppliers and developers of Mac based applications. This enables the organization to build a seemingly unlimited â€Å"value chain† in the information domain by creating a virtual link between the suppliers and the production units which are in term linked to the retail stores. The information from retail stores is communicated to the customers service department with already has access to other information about the supplier and production details. Therefore, there exists a vast amount of information to enable the company to offer services at the click. The company actually undertake a tie-up with Utility Computing whereby they are reducing the amount of computer assets that the company owns and offering payment for the services undertaken this concept is gaining momentum and is called as Software as a Service. This has enable the company to achieve the differential with other competitors in the market places and made the overall information management system leaner and effective. Topic 2: Analyzing financial performance. One of indispensable parts in business to analyze company’s management is its financial performance, which is illustrated by financial stamen and financial ratios. First of all, we come with financial statement from 2009 to 2012. 1. Financial Statements for Apple Inc (AAPL) from 2009 to 2012: Year over year, Apple Inc. has been able to grow revenues from $108.

ACT Prep for ESL and Bilingual Students

ACT Prep for ESL and Bilingual Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Unless a 4 year college has a test flexible policy, it requires the ACT or SAT from all its applicants. Since the ACT is meant to measure your academic skills for college classes that will be taught in English, there's no option for ACT dual language or ACT instructions in another language. ESL and bilingual students have to take the ACT for many colleges. In a lot of cases, they have to take the TOEFL or IELTS, as well, to demonstrate their English language proficiency. The ACT is a tough test for all students, and its time and verbal demands make it especially challenging for English language learners. Luckily, prepping for the ACT, once you have sufficient English language skills, can go a long way toward improving your scores. Let's go over what the ACT is all about and what you can do to get ready. What's Tested on the ACT? If you're looking for an ACT ESL or ACT in Spanish version, unfortunately you're out of luck. There's no option for ACT dual language for bilingual students. Having limited English proficiency doesn't count as a reason to get extended time, either. Only students with a documented disability may be approved for time accommodations. The ACT has four sections, all of them in English: English, Math, Reading, and Science. They always come in that order. There's also the option of taking the ACT with Writing, which adds a 30 minute essay at the end. A lot of non-native English speakers prefer the ACT to the SAT for a few reasons. One is that the essay is not required and not a part of the overall score, unlike on the current SAT. A second reason is that the ACT doesn't test as advanced, high level vocabulary as the SAT. Finally, a lot of students appreciate that the ACT has a Science section, which is more quantitative and less heavy on verbal skills. The English section tests your knowledge of grammar rules and structure. You'll have to identify and fix sentence errors within paragraphs, along with rearranging ideas for a more logical organization. The Math tests pre-algebra, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry and comes in one long 60 minute section. After Math is the Reading section. Reading presents passages and asks questions about main purpose, vocabulary, and inferences, among others. Finally, the Science section asks about biology, chemistry, physics, and earth sciences, but focuses less on facts and more on reasoning and interpretation skills within the field of natural sciences. It doesn't test very advanced content knowledge, so you may have all the scientific background you need by 9th or 10th grade. Because of the Science section's emphasis on skills of interpretation and reasoning, it's sometimes likened to the Reading section even more than to the Math. Even so, a lot of ESL students find they can score more highly on the Math and Science sections. The ACT is a time intensive, fast-paced test. You'll have to answer a lot of questions under limited time. this means you also have to have the language skills to answer questions accurately and quickly. The good news is that the test is very coachable, and preparation goes a long way. Before starting to prep, you should ask yourself, What's my English level? Am I ready to start prepping for the ACT? First step: measure your ESL level. What's Your English Level? What would you consider your level of English to be, beginner, intermediate, or advanced? Apart from your level in your classes at school, another way to measure your English skills is by taking the TOEFL. Many ACT experts agree that you aren't ready to start prepping for the ACT until you've scored between an 80 and 90 on the TOEFL. The minimum TOEFL score I've seen colleges require is a 79, while an Ivy League school like Yale requires at least 100. While ACT prep is essential and can help you achieve large score improvements, you have to have enough knowledge of the language to prep effectively. Let's look at what you can do to prepare yourself at each of these three levels. If you're High Beginner or High Intermediate, you can take advice from both sections and determine which approach best applies to you. ACT Prep for Beginner English Language Learners If you're in beginner level ESL, then you're probably not ready quite yet to start prepping for the ACT or to go directly into college level courses. You should focus on improving your English language reading, writing, listening, and speaking. You can begin to familiarize yourself with what's tested on the ACT, and that way you can make sure to learn relevant information, like math terms and grammar rules. Overall, the best approach you can take at this level is to continue learning English. If you're already a senior in high school, you might consider an ESL bridge program. A lot of colleges, like UMass Boston, University of New Hampshire, and Roger Williams, offer programs for ESL students to study English before moving into the undergraduate program. Another option is enrolling in community college, which may require the TOEFL but won't ask for the ACT. You can keep improving your English there and gaining college credits. When you're ready, you can then transfer to a 4-year college. In the end, your diploma will be from the 4-year college. As a beginner ESL student, you should contine building up your vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing skills, and knowledge of English idioms. Once you approach the intermediate and high intermediate level, you can begin to do more focused prep for the ACT. Start early to give your skills time to grow. ACT Prep for Intermediate English Language Learners If you're an intermediate ELL, then you could benefit from some ACT prep, but still will have challenges with English, Reading, and, if you choose to take it, essay section. If you want a more precise measure of your readiness, you might take the TOEFL or try sample TOEFL questions to see if you make that benchmark of 80 to 90. The first step in prep should be familiarizing yourself with exactly what's tested on the ACT. What do you need to know for the English, Math, Reading, and Science sections? Find out about the types of questions, what the instructions say, and how much time you have. Eventually, learn about strategies to save time and narrow down your answer choices. As I mentioned above, ESL students typically score higher on the Math and Science sections than on the English and Reading. For these sections, you want to make sure you've learned the content, like geometry and trigonometry, as well as brush up on your math and science vocabulary. You may be a whiz at trigonometry, but if you don't understand what a question is asking, you won't be able to show it. Native and non-native English speakers prepping for the ACT should focus their prep on the areas where they need it most. If reading comprehension and essay writing are most challenging for you, then spend the most amount of time reviewing, practicing, and going over your mistakes in those sections. For the English section, study grammar rules and read as much as you can with an eye for structure and organization of ideas. Another way you can root out your strong areas and weak points is by taking official ACT practice tests. Score them and find out where you did well and where you need to improve. Most intermediate students will still have a tough time scoring highly on the ACT, as it really requires advanced English skills. Your prep can help you improve both your performance on the ACT and your English at the same time. While you prep, though, you want to make sure you're using the most effective method. Let's consider the options. Choose the method of test prep that will best get you from Point A to Point B. Methods of ACT Prep for Intermediate Students There are a few main methods of prep for the ACT: self-studying with books, classes, online prep programs like PrepScholar, and one-on-one tutoring. Of these four methods, I would only recommend the last two for intermediate ESL students, online programs and one-on-one tutoring. The ACT is a challenging test, and coming up with and sticking to a study plan is tough as well. With books, you don't know if you're tackling the material in the best way. You also will probably run into confusion and not have anyone to help clear it up. A major part of test prep is reading through answer explanations and analyzing your mistakes. If you're unsure why you made a mistake, then you won't learn for next time. Instead, you'll repeat it over and over. The problem with classes is that few are geared toward ESL students. They move at too fast a pace and don't offer a ton of individualized attention. A class could end up discouraging you more than it teaches you. With online programs and one-on-one tutoring, you have the help and explanations you need. PrepScholar's program starts with a diagnostic pre-test, and then customizes the curriculum and study plan to best meet your needs. You'll know exactly how to prep, use high quality material, and have access to lots of strategies. Plus you'll get feedback on ACT essays. Tutors can also customize curriculum for you. The best ones have experience working with ESL students. The limitation here is the cost of tutoring, the skill of the tutor, and potentially infrequent meetings. With an online program, you can access it anytime you have internet. Prep takes a lot of time, dedication, and structure to do well. If possible, you should start a year or two out and leave yourself time to take the ACT more than once. Finally, this brings us to ESL students who are in the advanced level and/or fluent. How should advanced ESL students prep for the ACT? ACT Prep for Advanced English Language Learners The ACT is a demanding test for native and non-native speakers of English. Advanced ESL students sometimes have an advantage over native English speakers, because they usually explicity study the grammar rules and conventions of English. If this sounds like you, this technical understanding can help you out a lot on the English section. As an advanced student, you should start by learning about the ACT and then taking a practice test. Score your test and find out where you need the most prep. Take the time to thoroughly understand your mistakes and find ways to fill in your gaps in knowledge. While you shouldn't leave out studying for the Math and Science sections, you probably want to focus especially on English and Reading. Outside of using ACT materials, you should read widely to continuously improve your reading comprehension and ability to understand the meaning of vocabulary words in context. ACT Word of the Day and ACT Question of the Day are also a convenient way to gradually build up your knowledge. Advanced ESL students may benefit more than intermediate students from self-studying with books and in classes, but I'd still recommend online programs or tutoring to have that extra element of support. Not only will these last two options offer you help, feedback, and a customized plan, but you'll also get, at least with PrepScholar, feedback on practice essays. ACT essay scorers are looking for as few errors as possible in grammar, structure, and spelling. If you score highly enough on the Reading and English sections, then yourcolleges might waive the TOEFL requirement. For instance, Johns Hopkins waives the TOEFL if you achieve the high ACT bilingual scores of 30+ on both sections. Check with admissions offices to make sure you understand exactly what tests are expected of you as an ESL student, even if you're already fluent and took only one ESL course in high school. Determine your target ACT scores early and start reviewing content and learning new strategies. Read on for a possible game plan for your study schedule. Make a Plan for Your ACT Prep Consider how much time you have and your budget for test prep, along with what method works best with your study style. I recommend finding that extra support, if financially possible, that comes with an online program or a qualified, experienced tutor. The extra help and explanations you'll get will be a huge help in improving your scores. Based on your English level and potential colleges, you can figure out your target scores by section and composite score. Weigh the amount of time you have against the available test dates. Remember that the fall of senior year is probably your last chance to test ahead of college deadlines. To give yourself a lot of time to prep and retest, you could take the ACT for the first time in the spring of sophomore year after studying a few hours each week throughout the year. Unless you're satisifed with your scores, you could study more intensively over the summer and take it again in the fall of junior year. Then you might have about two more chances to test, in the spring of junior year and fall of senior year. There are more test dates in between, but you shouldn't have to take the official ACT many more times than this. You'd be better served putting your time into studying and taking practice tests. This schedule might be too early if you haven't learned the algebra, geometry, trigonometry, or lab skills yet to tackle the Math and Science sections. Again, familiarize yourself with the test to know if you have the content knowledge to understand the material. All of this prep for the ACT will help you not just earn the test scores you need for college, but also further sharpen your English language and study skills. All of this will help you succeed once you reach the college level. What's Next? We have a ton of free resources for ACT prep and strategies for students at all scoring levels. Check out these guides and explore the many more articles we have to help you excel on the ACT! The 21 ACT Tips You Should Be Using Today How Science/Math People Can Do Well on ACT Reading The Ultimate Study Guide for ACT Science: Tips, Practice, and Strategies The Complete Prep Guide for ACT Reading The Full Study Guide for ACT English What ACT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? How to Stop Running Out of Time on ACT Math The Best Way to Approach the ACT Reading Passage ACT Writing Tips: 15 Strategies to Raise Your Essay Score Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points?We have the industry's leading ACT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and ACT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

10 Fascinating, Little-Known Moth Facts

10 Fascinating, Little-Known Moth Facts Moths arent just the dull brown cousins of our beloved butterflies. They come in all shapes, sizes, and colors. Before you dismiss them as boring, check out these 10 fascinating facts about moths.   1. Moths Outnumber Butterflies by a 9 to 1 Ratio Butterflies and moths belong to the same order,  Lepidoptera.  Over 90% of known Leps (as entomologists often call them) are moths, not butterflies. Scientists have already discovered and described well over 135,000 different species of moths. Moth experts estimate there are at least 100,000 more moths still undiscovered, and some think moths actually number half a million species. So why do a few butterflies get all the attention? 2. Most Moths Are Nocturnal, but Many Fly During the Day We tend to think of moths as creatures of the night, but this isnt always the case. Some moths are quite active during daylight hours. Theyre often mistaken for butterflies, bees, or even hummingbirds. The clearwing moths, some of which mimic wasps or bees, visit flowers for nectar during the day. Other diurnal moths include some tiger moths, lichen moths, wasp moths, and owlet moths.   3. Moths Come in All Sizes Some moths are so small theyre referred to as micromoths. Generally, moth families in which the member species measure just a centimeter or two are considered micromoths. But a still undescribed species collected in Africa is likely the smallest moth of all, with a wingspan of just 2 mm. At the other end of the moth spectrum is the white witch moth (Thysania aggrippina), a neotropical species with a wingspan that reaches up to 28 cm, or the size of a dinner plate. 4. Male Moths Have a Remarkable  Sense of Smell Keep in mind that moths dont have noses, of course. An insects sense of smell is essentially its ability to detect chemical cues in the environment, called chemoreception. Moths smell these cues with highly sensitive receptors on their antennae. And male moths are the champions of chemoreception, thanks to feathery antennae with lots of surface area to grab those molecules from the air and give them a sniff. Female moths use sex attractant pheromones to invite potential mates to mingle. Silk moth males seem to have the strongest sense of smell of all and can follow a whiff of female pheromones for miles. A male promethea moth holds the record for tracking a scent through the air. He flew an astounding 23 miles in the hope of mating with the girl of his dreams and was likely disappointed when he realized hed been tricked by a scientist with a pheromone trap. 5. Some Moths Are Important Pollinators We dont often think of moths as pollinators, perhaps because we arent outside in the dark watching them work. While butterflies get all the credit, there are plenty of moths moving pollen from flower to flower, including geometer moths, owlet moths, and sphinx moths. Yucca plants require the help of yucca moths to cross-pollinate their flowers, and each yucca plant species has its own moth partner. The yucca moths have special tentacles with which they can scrape and gather pollen from yucca blossoms. Charles Darwin famously predicted that orchids with exceptionally long nectaries were pollinated by insects with equally long proboscises. Though ridiculed for his hypothesis at the time, he was later vindicated when scientists discovered the Madagascan sphinx moth, an orchid-pollinating species with a 30 cm proboscis. 6. Some Moths Do Not Have Mouths Some moths dont waste time once they reach adulthood. They emerge from their cocoons ready to mate, and content to die soon afterward. Since they wont be around for very long, they can get by on the energy they stored as caterpillars. If you dont plan on eating, theres really no point in developing a fully-functioning mouth. Probably the best-known example of a mouthless moth is the luna moth, a stunning species that lives just a few days as an adult. 7. Not All Moths Eat, but They Are Often Eaten Moths and their caterpillars make up a lot of biomass in the ecosystems where they live. And they arent just empty calories, either. Moths and caterpillars are rich in protein. All kinds of animals feed on moths and caterpillars: birds, bats, frogs, lizards, small mammals, and in some parts of the word, even people! 8. Moths Use All Kinds of Tricks to Avoid Being Eaten When everything in your world is intent on eating you, youve got to get a little creative to stay alive. Moths employ all kinds of interesting tricks to avoid predation. Some are masterful mimics, such as caterpillars that look like twigs and adult moths that blend in with tree bark. Others use startle markings, like the underwing moths that flash brightly colored hindwings to distract pursuing predators. Tiger moths produce ultrasonic clicking sounds that confuse sonar-guided bats. 9. Some Moths Migrate Everyone loves migrating butterflies, like the famous long-distance flights of the North American monarchs. But nobody gives props to the many moths that also migrate, perhaps because they tend to fly at night. Moths tend to migrate for practical reasons, like to find a better food supply, or to avoid uncomfortably hot and dry weather. Black cutworm moths spend their winters on the Gulf Coast but migrate north in the spring (like some senior citizens). Olympic trivia buffs may remember the hordes of migrating Bogong moths that pestered athletes during the 2000 Sydney Olympics. 10. Moths Are Attracted to Light Bulbs, Bananas, and Beer If the previous 9 facts convinced you that moths are pretty cool insects, you might be interested in attracting moths so you can see them for yourself. Moth enthusiasts use a few tricks to lure moths closer. First, many moths will come to lights at night, so you can start by observing the moths that visit your porch light. To see a greater diversity of the moths in your area, try using a black light and a collecting sheet, or even a mercury vapor light. Some moths might not come to lights but cant resist a mixture of fermenting sweets. You can mix up a special moth-attracting recipe using ripe bananas, molasses, and stale beer. Paint the mixture on a few tree trunks and see who comes for a taste. Sources: Australias Bogong moth invasion turns even yawning into a potential health hazard, The Independent. November 4, 2013.Capinera, John L. Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd edition.Corcoran, A.J., Barber, J. R., and Conner, W. E. Tiger moth jams bat sonar. Science. July 17, 2009.Cranshaw, Whitney and Redak, Richard. Bugs Rule! An Introduction to the World of Insects.Kritsky, Gene. Darwins Madagascan hawk moth prediction. American Entomologist, Volume 37, 1991.Largest Lepidopteran Wing Span, University of Florida Book of Insect Records, April 17, 1998.  Moisset, Beatriz. Yucca Moths (Tegeticula sp.). US Forest Service website.Smallest Moth in the World?, UC David Department of Entomology and Nematology website, June 29, 2012.Status of Pollinators in North America, by Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America, 2007.Waldbauer, Gilbert. The Handy Bug Answer Book.

A Letter From Eight White Clergymen and Letter from M. L. King, Jr Essay

A Letter From Eight White Clergymen and Letter from M. L. King, Jr - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the exigence defines what prompted the authors to write the letters in the first place. For A Call for Unity written by the eight white clergymen, the exigence was the series of demonstrations held by Negro citizens that were allegedly led and directed by outsiders. In the case of King’s letter, the exigence was the need to respond to the clergymen’s contentions that as the outsider being mentioned, his actions were deemed unwise and untimely. This paper illustrates that the audiences were supposedly the local community and readers of the Birmingham, Alabama newspaper since the first letter were sent to its editor. However, one could surmise that the letter was, in fact, directed to King, as the noted leader of the civil rights movement, in behalf of the Negro community. King’s letter was directed to the clergymen, as most of his arguments addressed the clergymen’s position. The researcher states that the mo st obvious constraint was on the part of King who was incarcerated in the Birmingham jail during the time that he responded to the clergymen’s allegations. On the part of the clergymen’s letter, the constraints are their maintaining a conservative stance to use the most appropriate language so as not to project any biases to both white and Negro citizenry. The basic issue presented by the clergymen was the appeal for law, order and common sense in addressing the dilemma on racism. The basis position was for any resentment on alleged discriminations and racial slur should be filed in the proper court of law where legal proceedings and verdict should be respected and accepted. The clergymen contended that the series of demonstrations by Negro citizens were actually led and directed by outsiders, whose actions were deemed unwise and untimely. Finally, the letter highlighted the call for restraint, â€Å"for law enforcement officials to remain calm and to continue to prot ect our city from violence† (Carpenter, et al. 182). On the other hand, King’s basic issued focused on responding to the clergymen’s assertion that his leading the Negro citizens into demonstrations were unwise and untimely. King addressed this argument by initially proving that he was not an outsider; but that he was invited to address the injustices in Birmingham. Further, his letter addressed the clergymen’s position regarding his unwise action towards demonstration; revealed that action was necessary because promises by merchants were broken and that the need for direct-action versus negotiation was favored due to the community’s stance of refusal to negotiate. In terms of responding to the untimely issues, King expounded on concerns such as: the new administration must be prodded and that the Negro citizens have already waited for 340 years (King 186). Analysis The letter of the clergymen was more direct and concise containing only seven paragr aphs. King’s response was comprehensively detailed and lengthy encompassing 50 paragraphs and 14 pages. King was clear in addressing the issues of the clergymen indicating his actions as the leader of the demonstrations as unwise and untimely. He warrants that the non-violent actions were the most appropriate means to address the racial discrimination in Birmingham and their actions could not be considered unwise because a rational four step process was applied: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action† (King 184). The issue of untimeliness was responded to by King as he emphasized the need to prod the new administration to create some tension and lead them to act. Further, he argued that the Negro citizens have waited for too long for more than 340 years and could therefore not be considered that no time was spent to reflect and think of the course of action. King warrants that the present l aws were actually unjust

Evidence-Based Pharmacology Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Evidence-Based Pharmacology - Research Paper Example Pneumonia is a disease that indicates towards the inflammatory condition of lungs. It can be further elaborated that the infection in the lung tissue is regard as a state of pneumonia. During the attacks of pneumonia, a lung does not function properly that is likely to cause risk on the health of concerned person. People are affected by pneumonia due to a large numbers of reasons such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, idiopathic as well as parasites. In this regard, the diagnosis of pneumonia is referred to as significant for the providing an effective treatment to the patients. Pneumonia can be diagnosed by evaluating the symptoms and signs of an acute lower respiratory tract infection. Besides, the symptom of pneumonia can also be identified through a chest X-ray that that is effective in examining any kind of infections (Lutfiyya, Henley, Chang & Reyburn, 2008). Initially the treatment of Community- acquired Pneumonia (CAP) dependent on the physical examination, laboratory results as well as characteristics of patients. However, the treatment of pneumonia has identified the need of hospitalization for medical aid. There are two types of pneumonia treatment process that are outpatient and inpatient treatment. Specifically, mentioning that the treatment of the diseases is highly depending upon types of pneumonia. The medical practitioner’s suggest patients to consume antibiotics for treating pneumonia effectively (Caballero & Rello, 2011).